Kongunadu Research Journal

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS SEED EXTRACT OF SESBANIA SESBAN (L) MERR.

S. Kathiravan — 2025-12-31

The study was designed to explore the phytochemicals present in the aqueous seed extract of Sesbania sesban (L) Merr. Sesbania sesban is a traditional and native plant of India. The aqueous extract of the plant seed was subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis. The qualitative analysis revealed the presence of many phytochemicals. Phenols, flavonoids, flavonols, tannins and condensed tannins were estimated quantitatively and their values were found to be 28.10 ± 0.18mg /g (Gallic Acid Equivalent) & 33.69 ± 0.06mg/g (Catechin Equivalent), 17.57 ± 0.10mg /g (Quercitin Equivalent) & 20.68 ± 0.09mg /g (Rutin Equivalent), 6.08 ± 0.21mg/g (Caffeic Acid Equivalent), 12.34 ± 0.07 mg/g (Caffeic Acid Equivalent) and 3.84 ± 0.11mg/g (Caffeic Acid Equivalent) respectively. The primary metabolites such as total carbohydrates, total proteins and starch were also estimated and recorded as 166.0 ± 10.07 mg/g, 25.6 ± 1.50 mg/g, and 147.6 ± 6.73 mg/g respectively. The aqueous extract was analysed with FTIR, which revealed the presence of potential functional groups. The GCMS analysis revealed the presence of valuable phyto compounds with significant role in disease prevention.

A REVIEW ON POLYMER-ZINC OXIDE HYDROGELS FOR WOUND HEALING

M. Krishna Veni — 2025-12-31

Recovery of wound is an intricate process. The stages of wound healing consist of four stages. Hemostasis, Inflammation, Proliferation, and Remodeling phases are overlapping with each other. Growth factor is an essential key role in wound healing and it is a specific endogenous polypeptide secreted by six cells such as platelets, macrophages, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, mast cells and neutrophils. Over the past few decades, researchers have used hydrogels to generate wound dressing material.

GREEN TEMPLATES ASSISTED SYNTHESIS OF NANO HYDROXYAPATITE AND ITS APPLICATIONS- A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

G. Jayanthi — 2025-12-31

d teeth and it is used in a variety of biomedical applications such as implants in orthopaedic field, dental filling material and tissue engineering. Hydroxyapatite can be synthesised using precursors of calcium and phosphate with the addition of various chemical or natural occurring templates. Templates play a significant role in controlling the size and morphology of nanoparticles. In this article we have discussed the various templates which were occurred naturally such as banana peel, licorice root extract, tamarind, pear fruit, grapes, neem leaf extract, tea saponin, Moringa Oleifera flower extract, Manoon Longifolium leaf extract and Wrightia tinctoria for the synthesis of nano hydroxyapatite. Also how the properties such as size and morphology of hydroxyapatite are significantly influenced by the addition of these templates have been highlighted.

SOFT αωΪs – NORMAL AND REGULAR SPACES IN SOFT IDEAL TOPOLOGICAL SPACES

N. Chandramathi — 2025-12-31

In this paper, we introduce a soft αωΪs – Normal and Regular spaces in soft ideal topological spaces. Furthermore, we introduce to Enlightment and Edification of some properties, theorems and examples, which is the of the concept of soft mappings in soft ideal topological spaces.

ABUTILON INDICUM: A REVIEW ON ITS ETHNOBOTONY, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROFILE

S.V. Saranyaa — 2025-12-31

Medicinal plants have been used worldwide for a long time to treat human ailments, acting as a dependable source of medicine for various diseases and conditions within complementary healing systems. It is a native plant of tropical and subtropical regions of India, known for its significant medicinal benefits. The wide-ranging pharmacological impacts of Abutilon indicum arise from the existence of various categories of active biological substances within it. Traditionally, A. indicum has been employed to address various conditions, such as urinary issues, rheumatism, leprosy, ulcers, elevated fever, jaundice, pulmonary tuberculosis, gonorrhoea, as an aphrodisiac, bronchitis, mumps, urinary retention, along with specific neurological and hearing problems. Research has previously been carried out worldwide on the pharmacological, biological, and isolation of metabolites and biologically active compounds from this plant. Nevertheless, the research to assess the overall therapeutic properties of this plant still requires to be conducted. This document offers a concise summary of the pharmacological traits of A. indicum that could assist in upcoming clinical and experimental studies

GC-MS ANALYSIS OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ABUTILON INDICUM (L) LEAVES

S. V. Saranyaa — 2025-12-31

The present study explored the therapeutic potential of A.indicum leaves. In today's world, plant secondary metabolites are increasingly favored as therapeutic agents to address various diseases and disorders. This study aimed to analyze the bioactive secondary metabolite profile of A.indicum leaves by assessing the total alkaloid, phenolic, and flavonoid content, antioxidant capability, and properties of four aqueous and ethanolic extracts. Qualitative phytochemical analysis using different polarity solvents and established methods revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, tannins, saponins, phytosterols, terpenoids, and glycosides in the leaves. The antioxidant potential was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, while spectrophotometric methods were employed to measure the total alkaloid, flavonoid, and phenolic contents in the leaf extracts. The ethanolic extract showed a higher yield, greater antioxidant potential, and elevated total phenolic and flavonoid contents compared to the aqueous extracts. Analysis of bioactive compounds using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) examination of ethanolic leaf extracts identified 36 chemical entities of both high and low molecular weight in different quantities. These bioactive chemical compounds have been shown to have physiological significance and are crucial from a pharmaceutical perspective. This study indicates that the leaves of A.indicum are rich in bioactive secondary metabolites that positively impact human health, possess strong antioxidant properties, and exhibit antibacterial activity against certain bacterial strains, highlighting their considerable therapeutic potential.

DEVELOPMENT OF THINFILM FOR TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY OF HERBAL OILS

Nalina S — 2025-12-31

Wound healing is a complex biological process, results in the restoration of tissue integrity. Allopathy uses drugs and sometimes surgery to treat ailments related to bone and joint disorders. To overcome the drawbacks associated with current treatment methodologies herbal therapies such as herbal oils, tablets, yoga, meditation, special diets, etc are followed. To enhance the herbal delivery several nanomaterials are used. In the current study Poly (vinyl alcohol)/Chitosan (PVA/CTS) thin films of approximately 4 mm in thickness were synthesized by stirring using acetic acid and Glutaraldehyde. The prepared thin film with a high crosslinking density and a dense inter-porous structure were utilized with oil for the formation of herbal oil thin film. The composite films were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and biocompatibility assays. The results confirmed that highly stable and uniformly distributed herbal thin film obtained over the entire thin film networks. The tensile test revealed that the effective incorporation of herbal oil within the hydrogel networks rendered the composite films more elastic. Due to its inter-porous structure, uniform distribution of oil and biocompatibility, the herbal oil-loaded PVA/CTS thin film may be utilized as a biomaterial in medical applications.

SOFT COMPACTNESS AND SOFT CONNECETEDNESS IN SOFT GRILL TOPOLOGICAL SPACES

N. Chandramathi — 2025-12-31

This paper aims to investigate the concepts of connectedness and compactness to soft grill topological space (X, ?? , ζ? , A). The concepts of ζ? − ? connected sets, ζ? − ? separated sets, and ζ? − ? compactness are introduced in soft topological spaces with soft grill. Furthermore, we use ζ? − ? closed sets to refine existing theorems, and we illustrate the remarks with a variety of cases.

A REVIEW ON THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF BRAHMMAMUNI KARPAM IN SIDDHA MEDICINE

Dinesh Kumar M — 2025-12-31

Brahmmamuni Karpam is a premier Kayakarpam formulation and a popular polyherbal restorative within the Siddha system of Bharatiya medicine. Attributed to the esteemed Sage Brahmmamuni who is one of the 18 Prime Siddhars, this preparation is very similar to Kaya Kalpa Chikitsa, the science of longevity and rejuvenation. This review investigates the therapeutic significance, historical lineage, and pharmacological basis of this remedy, traditionally used for chronic dermatological, respiratory, and rheumatic disorders. It alongside enhances mental acuity and vitality. This formulation contains seven distinct botanicals such as Licorice, Black Cumin, Cumin, Clove, Ironwood flower, Dill, and Coriander seeds. These possess potent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and gastroprotective potentials. A critical aspect of its manufacture is the rigorous Suddhi (purification) protocol, essential for detoxifying components and optimizing bioavailability. Contemporary research validates these ancient applications, identifying bioactive constituents like Thymoquinone in Black Cumin and Eugenol in Clove as key agents in immunomodulation and oxidative stress reduction. Brahmmamuni Karpam regulate metabolic and digestive health, treate conditions of the head and sensory organs, and resolve musculoskeletal complaints such as edema. Ultimately, it embodies a holistic strategy, harmonizing the three humors (Vatham, Pitham, Kapham) to ensure sustained physical resilience and youthful vigor.

ENHANCING FIRE AND SMOKE DETECTION THROUGH COMPUTER VISION AND OPENCV-BASED ANALYSIS IN HSV COLOR SPACE

Dr. S. Velmurugan — 2025-12-31

Advances in computer vision, particularly with tools like OpenCV, are transforming fire and smoke detection by overcoming the limitations of traditional smoke detectors, which are often ineffective in large, open spaces with high ceilings or ventilation. Traditional detectors rely on particle or heat changes, leading to delayed alerts in ventilated areas. Computer vision-based systems, however, enable real-time analysis of video streams to identify early visual indicators of fire and smoke. Fire detection factors include analyzing unique flame characteristics such as color intensity in the RGB or HSV color space, shape irregularities using contour analysis, and flickering patterns through motion detection. Smoke detection involves techniques such as edge blurring, optical flow analysis, and texture variance to identify diffused, moving patterns indicative of smoke. By integrating OpenCV functions like color thresholding, contour detection, and background subtraction, these systems provide faster and more reliable alerts, enhancing safety in residential and commercial environments by mitigating risks associated with delayed responses.